I-oksidi emnyama okanye i-blackening yinguquko yokuguqula izinto ze-ferrous, insimbi engenasici, i-alloys yobhedu kunye nobhedu, i-zinc, isinyithi esingumgubo, kunye ne-solder yesilivere.[1]Isetyenziselwa ukongeza ukunganyangeki komhlwa, ukubonakala, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo.[2]Ukufezekisa ukuxhathisa umhlwa okuphezulu ioksidi emnyama kufuneka ifakwe ngeoyile okanye iwax. [3]Enye yeenzuzo zayo ngaphezu kwezinye iingubo kukwakhiwa kwayo okuncinci.
1.Izinto zentsimbi
I-oksidi emnyama eqhelekileyo yimagnetite (Fe3O4), ezinzileyo ngoomatshini kumphezulu kwaye ibonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono lokutya kune-oxide ebomvu (umhlwa) Fe2O3.Iindlela zoshishino zanamhlanje zokwenza i-oxide emnyama ziquka iinkqubo ezishushu kunye nobushushu obuphakathi obuchazwe ngezantsi.I-oxide inokuthi yenziwe yinkqubo ye-electrolytic kwi-anodizing.Iindlela zemveli zichazwe kwinqaku malunga ne-bluing.Zinomdla ngokwembali, kwaye zikwaluncedo kubantu abathanda ukuzilibazisa ukwenza i-oxide emnyama ngokukhuselekileyo ngezixhobo ezincinci kwaye ngaphandle kweekhemikhali eziyityhefu.
I-oxide yeqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, elichazwe ngezantsi, alikho ukuguqulwa kokuguqulwa-inkqubo yokushisa ephantsi ayifaki i-oxidize isinyithi, kodwa ibeka i-copper selenium compound.
1.1 Ioksidi emnyama eshushu
Iibhafu ezishushu ze-sodium hydroxide, i-nitrate, kunye ne-nitrites kwi-141 °C (286 °F) zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula umphezulu wezinto kwi-magnetite (Fe3O4).Amanzi kufuneka afakwe ngamaxesha athile kwibhafu, kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lokuthintela ukuqhuma komphunga.
Ukutshisa okumnyama kubandakanya ukuntywila inxalenye kwiitanki ezahlukeneyo.I-workpiece idla "idiphu" ngabathwali benxalenye ezenzekelayo yokuthutha phakathi kwamatanki.La matanki aqulathe, ngokolandelelwano, isicoci sealkaline, amanzi, i-caustic soda kwi-140.5 °C (284.9 °F) (ikhompawundi emnyama), kwaye ekugqibeleni isitywini, esiqhele ukuba yi-oyile.I-soda ye-caustic kunye nobushushu obuphakamileyo bubangela ukuba i-Fe3O4 (i-oxide emnyama) yenziwe phezu kwesinyithi endaweni ye-Fe2O3 (i-oxide ebomvu; i-rust).Nangona i-deser ngokomzimba kune-oxide ebomvu, i-oxide entsha emnyama i-porous, ngoko ke i-oyile isetyenziswe kwindawo eshushu, etywinwe "ngokutshona" kuyo.Ukudibanisa kunqanda ukubola kwe-workpiece.Kukho iinzuzo ezininzi zokumnyama, ngakumbi:
Ubumnyama bungenziwa kwiibhetshi ezinkulu (ezifanelekileyo kwiindawo ezincinci).
Akukho mpembelelo ibalulekileyo ye-dimensional (inkqubo yokwenza mnyama idala umaleko malunga ne-1 µm ubukhulu).
Ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kuneenkqubo ezifanayo zokukhusela umhlwa, njengepeyinti kunye ne-electroplating.
Inkcazo endala kunye neyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-oxide emnyama eshushu yi-MIL-DTL-13924, equka iiklasi ezine zeenkqubo ze-substrates ezahlukeneyo.Iingcaciso ezizezinye ziquka i-AMS 2485, i-ASTM D769, kunye ne-ISO 11408.
Le yinkqubo esetyenziselwa ukwenza iintambo zocingo zibe mnyama kwiinkqubo zethiyetha kunye neziphumo ezibhabhayo.
1.2 Ubushushu obuphakathi kweoksidi emnyama
Njenge-oksidi emnyama eshushu, i-oxide emnyama ephakathi kweqondo lobushushu iguqula umphezulu wesinyithi ube yimagnetite (Fe3O4).Nangona kunjalo, iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kweoksidi emnyama iba mnyama kwiqondo lobushushu le-90–120 °C (194–248 °F), ngaphantsi kakhulu kuneoksidi emnyama eshushu.Oku kunenzuzo kuba kungaphantsi kwendawo yokubila yesisombululo, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho msi obangelwayo.
Kuba iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi ioksidi emnyama ithelekiswa kakhulu neoksidi emnyama eshushu, inokuhlangabezana neenkcukacha zomkhosi i-MIL-DTL-13924, kunye ne-AMS 2485.
1.3Ioksidi emnyama ebandayo
Ioksidi emnyama ebandayo, nekwaziwa njengeqondo lobushushu begumbi ioksidi emnyama, igalelwa kubushushu obungama-20–30 °C (68–86 °F).Ayisiyonto yokuguqula i-oxide, kodwa i-copper selenium compound.Ioksidi emnyama ebandayo inika imveliso ephezulu kwaye ilungele ukwenziwa mnyama ngaphakathi.Olu tyaliso luvelisa umbala ofanayo nalowo uguqulwayo we-oxide, kodwa ithande ukukhuhla ngokulula kwaye inikezela ukuxhathisa okuncinci.Ukusetyenziswa kweoli, i-wax, okanye i-lacquer kuzisa ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion ukuya kwinqanaba elitshisayo kunye nobushushu obuphakathi.Esinye isicelo senkqubo ye-oxide emnyama ebandayo iya kuba kwisixhobo kunye nokugqitywa kwezakhiwo kwintsimbi (i-patina yentsimbi).Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-blue bluing.
2. Ubhedu
Umboniso okhethekileyo we cupric oxide.svg
I-oxide emnyama yobhedu, ngamanye amaxesha eyaziwa ngegama lorhwebo i-Ebonol C, iguqula umphezulu wobhedu ube yicupric oxide.Ukuze inkqubo isebenze umphezulu kufuneka ubuncinane ube ne-65% yobhedu;kwimigangatho yobhedu engaphantsi kwe-90% yobhedu kufuneka iqale ilungiswe ngonyango olusebenzayo.Ingubo egqityiweyo iyimichiza ezinzileyo kwaye ibambelela kakhulu.Izinzile ukuya kuma-400 °F (204 °C);ngaphezu kolu bushushu ukugquma kwehla ngenxa ye-oxidation yesiseko sobhedu.Ukwandisa ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion, umphezulu unokuthi ufakwe ioli, i-lacquered, okanye i-waxed.Ikwasetyenziswa njengonyango lwangaphambili lokupeyinta okanye ukwenza i-enamelling.Umphezulu ogqityiweyo udla ngokuba yi-satin, kodwa unokujikwa ubengezelelekileyo ngokugqunywa kwi-enamel ecacileyo ecwebezelayo.
Kwi-microscopic scale dendrites form on the surface finish, ebamba ukukhanya kunye nokwandisa ukufunxa.Ngenxa yale propati i-coating isetyenziswa kwi-aerospace, i-microscopy kunye nezinye izicelo zokukhanya ukuze kuncitshiswe ukukhanya.
Kwiibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo (PCBs), ukusetyenziswa kwe-oxide emnyama kunika ukunamathela okungcono kwiileyile ze-fiberglass laminate.I-PCB ifakwe kwibhafu ene-hydroxide, i-hypochlorite, kunye ne-cuprate, ethi iphele kuzo zontathu iinxalenye.Oku kubonisa ukuba i-oksidi yobhedu emnyama ivela ngokuyinxenye kwi-cuprate kwaye ngokuyinxenye isuka kwi-PCB copper circuitry.Ngaphantsi kovavanyo lwe-microscopic, akukho umaleko we-copper (I) we-oxide.
Iinkcukacha zomkhosi wase-US ezisebenzayo yi-MIL-F-495E.
3. Intsimbi engatyiwayo
I-oksidi emnyama eshushu yentsimbi engatyiwayo ngumxube weetyuwa ze-caustic, oxidizing, kunye nesalfure.Yenza mnyama i-300 kunye ne-400 series kunye ne-precipitation-hardened 17-4 PH i-alloys yensimbi engenasici.Isisombululo singasetyenziselwa kwintsimbi yentsimbi kunye nentsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni.Isiphumo esisiphumo sihambelana neenkcukacha zomkhosi we-MIL-DTL-13924D Udidi lwesi-4 kwaye lubonelela ngokuxhathisa kwe-abrasion.Ukugqitywa kwe-oksidi emnyama kusetyenziswa kwizixhobo zotyando kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okukhulu ukunciphisa ukudinwa kwamehlo.
Ubushushu begumbi lobushushu bentsimbi yentsimbi buyenzeka ngokusabela kwe-auto-catalytic reaction ye-copper-selenide efakwa kumphezulu wentsimbi engatyiwa.Inika ukuxhathisa okuncinci kwe-abrasion kunye nokukhuselwa okufanayo kwe-corrosion njengenkqubo eshushu emnyama.Esinye isicelo sokwenza ubumnyama begumbi-lobushushu kwi-architectural finishes (i-patina yensimbi engenasici).
4. Izinki
I-oksidi emnyama ye-zinc yaziwa nangegama lokurhweba i-Ebonol Z.Enye imveliso yi-Ultra-Blak 460, eyenza ibe mnyama i-zinc-plated kunye ne-galvanized surfaces ngaphandle kokusebenzisa nayiphi na i-chrome kunye ne-zinc die-casts.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-23-2021