Iprototyping ekhawulezayo

Umatshini wokuchwetheza okhawulezayo usebenzisa i-selective laser sintering (SLS)

Imodeli ye-3D yokusika
Iprototyping ekhawulezileyo liqela leendlela zobuchule ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza ngokukhawuleza imodeli yesikali yenxalenye yomzimba okanye indibano kusetyenziswa idatha yoyilo oluncediswa yikhompyuter emacala amathathu (CAD).Ukwakhiwa kwenxalenye okanye indibano idla ngokusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa ushicilelo lwe-3D okanye "iteknoloji yokuvelisa i-additive layer".

Iindlela zokuqala zeprototyping ekhawulezileyo zafumaneka phakathi koo-1980 kwaye zasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimodeli kunye nenxalenye yeprototype.Namhlanje, zisetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iindawo ezikumgangatho wemveliso ngamanani amancinci xa zifunwa ngaphandle koqoqosho lwexesha elifutshane olungathandekiyo.Olu qoqosho lukhuthaze amaziko eenkonzo ze-intanethi.Uphando lwembali ye-RP iteknoloji iqala ngeengxoxo zeendlela zokuvelisa i-simulacra ezisetyenziswa ngabadwebi benkulungwane ye-19.Abanye abakroli bale mihla basebenzisa ubugcisa benzala ukuvelisa imiboniso nezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.Ukukwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona uyilo ukusuka kwi-dataset kubangele imiba yamalungelo, njengoko ngoku kunokwenzeka ukuba udibanise idatha yevolumetric ukusuka kwimifanekiso ene-dimensional enye.

Njengeendlela zokunciphisa i-CNC, i-computer-aid-design - i-computer-aid-design ye-CAD -CAM yokuhamba komsebenzi kwinkqubo yesiqhelo ye-prototyping yesiqhelo iqala ngokudalwa kwedatha yejometri, mhlawumbi njenge-3D eqinile usebenzisa i-workstation ye-CAD, okanye izilayi ze-2D usebenzisa isixhobo sokuskena.Ukwenziwa kweprototyping ekhawulezileyo le datha kufuneka imele imodeli yejometri esebenzayo;oko kukuthi, lowo umphezulu womda uvale umthamo osikelwe umda, uqulathe imingxunya eveza okungaphakathi, kwaye ungazisongi ngokwazo.Ngamanye amazwi, into leyo mayibe “nengaphakathi”.Imodeli iyasebenza ukuba kwindawo nganye kwisithuba se-3D ikhompyutha inokumisela ngokukodwa ukuba loo ndawo ingaphakathi, phezu, okanye ngaphandle komda womda wemodeli.I-CAD post-processors iya kuqikelela iifom zejometri ze-CAD zangaphakathi zabathengisi bezicelo (umzekelo, i-B-splines) kunye nefom yezibalo eyenziwe lula, ethi yona ibonakaliswe kwifomathi yedatha echaziweyo eyinto eqhelekileyo kwimveliso yokongeza: ifomathi yefayile ye-STL, umgangatho we-de facto wokudlulisa imifuziselo eqinileyo yejometri kumatshini we-SFF.

Ukufumana iindlela zokulawula intshukumo eziyimfuneko ukuqhuba eyona SFF, iprototyping ekhawulezayo, ushicilelo lwe-3D okanye umatshini wokuvelisa okongeziweyo, imodeli yejometri elungisiweyo iqhele ukunqunyulwa ibe ngamaleko, kwaye izilayi ziskenwa zibe yimigca (ukuvelisa "umzobo we-2D" osetyenziselwa ukuvelisa. i-trajectory njengakwindlela yesixhobo ye-CNC), ilinganisa ngokubuyisela umva umaleko ukuya kumaleko wenkqubo yokwakha ebonakalayo.

1. Iindawo zokufaka izicelo
Iprototyping ekhawulezileyo ikwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kubunjineli besoftware ukuzama iimodeli zeshishini elitsha kunye nolwakhiwo lwesicelo olunje ngeAerospace, iMoto, iiNkonzo zezeMali, uphuhliso lweMveliso, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo.Uyilo lweAerospace kunye namaqela emizi-mveliso axhomekeke kwiprototyping ukuze enze iindlela ezintsha ze-AM kushishino.Besebenzisa i-SLA banokukhawuleza ukwenza iinguqulelo ezininzi zeeprojekthi zabo ngeentsuku ezimbalwa kwaye baqale ukuvavanya ngokukhawuleza.I-Rapid Prototyping ivumela abaqulunqi / abaphuhlisi ukuba banike ingcamango echanekileyo yokuba imveliso egqityiweyo iya kuvela njani ngaphambi kokubeka ixesha elininzi kunye nemali kwiprototype.Ushicilelo lwe-3D olusetyenziselwa i-Rapid Prototyping luvumela ushicilelo lwe-Industrial 3D ukuba lwenzeke.Ngale nto, unokuba neemolds ezinkulu ukuze iindawo ezisecaleni zikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane.

2. Imbali
Kwiminyaka ye-1970, uJoseph Henry Condon kunye nabanye kwi-Bell Labs baphuhlise i-Unix Circuit Design System (UCDS), i-automating umsebenzi onzima kunye nephutha lokuguqula ngesandla imizobo ukwenza iibhodi zeesekethe ngeenjongo zophando kunye nophuhliso.

Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo base-US kunye nabaphathi bemizi-mveliso banyanzelwa ukuba bathathele ingqalelo ukuba ukongamela kweMelika kwintsimi yokwenziwa kwezixhobo zoomatshini kuye kwaguquka, kwinto eyayibizwa ngokuba yingxaki yesixhobo somatshini.Iiprojekthi ezininzi zafuna ukuchasana nale mikhwa kwindawo yendabuko ye-CNC CAM, eyayiqale e-US.Kamva xa i-Rapid Prototyping Systems yaphuma kwiilebhu ukuze yenze urhwebo, kwaqondwa ukuba uphuhliso sele belumazwe ngamazwe kwaye iinkampani ze-US ezikhawulezayo zokuchwetheza azinakuba nobunewunewu bokuvumela ukutyibilika kwe lead.ISiseko seSayensi seSizwe sasiyi-ambulera ye-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), iSebe lezaMandla lase-US, iSebe lezoRhwebo lase-US, i-NIST, iSebe lezoKhuselo lase-US, i-Arhente yeeProjekthi zoPhando oluPhakamileyo (i-DARPA) kunye ne-Ofisi Uphando lwaseLwandle lulungelelanise izifundo ukwazisa abacwangcisi bobuchule kwiingxoxo zabo.Enye ingxelo enjalo yayiyi-1997 Rapid Prototyping eYurophu kunye neNgxelo yePhaneli yaseJapan apho uJoseph J. Beaman umsunguli we-DTM Corporation unikezela ngombono wembali:

Iingcambu zetekhnoloji ye-prototyping ekhawulezayo inokulandelwa kwizenzo kwi-topography kunye ne-photosculpture.Ngaphakathi kwe-TOPOGRAPHY uBlanther (1892) ucebise indlela eyalekiweyo yokwenza umngundo wephepha loncedo eliphakanyisiweyo lemephu yembonakalo yelizwe .Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ukusika imigca yecontour kuthotho lwamacwecwe aye apakishwa.UMatsubara (1974) weMitsubishi wenze isiphakamiso senkqubo yokwakheka komhlaba kunye nentlaka yephotopolymer eyenza lukhuni ukwenza iileya ezicekethekileyo ezipakishweyo ukwenza i-casting mold.I-PHOTOSCULPTURE yayibubuchule benkulungwane ye-19 bokwenza izinto ezichanekileyo ezinokwakheka kukathathu.Oyena udumileyo uFrancois Willeme (1860) ubeke iikhamera ezingama-24 kuluhlu lwesetyhula kwaye ngaxeshanye wafota into.Isilhouette yefoto nganye yayisetyenziselwa ukukrola umfanekiso oqingqiweyo.UMorioka (1935, 1944) waphuhlisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo oxutyiweyo kunye nenkqubo yezobume belizwe usebenzisa ukukhanya okucwangcisiweyo ukwenza ifoti yokwenza imigca yecontour yento.Imigca inokuthi ke iphuhliswe ibe ngamashiti kwaye isikwe kwaye ipakishwe, okanye iboniswe kwimpahla yesitokhwe yokukrola.Inkqubo ye-Munz (1956) iphinde yavelisa umfanekiso we-dimensional-dimensional wento ngokukhetha ngokukhetha, i-layer by layer, i-emulsion yesithombe kwipiston yokunciphisa.Emva kokulungiswa, i-cylinder ecacileyo ecacileyo iqulethe umfanekiso wento.

- UJoseph J. Beaman
"Imvelaphi yePrototyping eKhawulezayo - i-RP ivela kwishishini elikhulayo le-CAD, ngakumbi, kwicala eliqinileyo le-CAD.Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe umfuziselo oqinileyo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, iimodeli ezinemigangatho emithathu zadalwa ngezakhelo zocingo kunye nemigangatho.Kodwa kude kube uphuhliso lwemodeli eqinileyo yokwenyani lunokuthi iinkqubo ezitsha ezifana neRP ziphuhliswe.UCharles Hull, owanceda ekufumaneni i-3D Systems kwi-1986, wavelisa inkqubo yokuqala ye-RP.Le nkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stereolithography, yakha izinto ngokunyanga iileya ezicekethekileyo ezilandelelanayo zeeresina zolwelo ezibuthathaka kwi-ultraviolet ngelaser enamandla aphantsi.Ngokuziswa kweRP, iimodeli eziqinileyo zeCAD zinokuphila ngequbuliso”.

Itekhnoloji ekubhekiselwa kuyo njengeSolid Freeform Fabrication yinto esiyiqaphelayo namhlanje njengeprototyping ekhawulezayo, ushicilelo lwe-3D okanye ukuvelisa okongeziweyo: i-Swainson (1977), uSchwerzel (1984) yasebenza kwipolymerization yepolymer yefotosensitive ekudibaneni kwemiqadi yelaser elawulwa yikhompyuter.UCiraud (1972) uthathela ingqalelo i-magnetostatic okanye i-electrostatic deposition kunye ne-electron beam, i-laser okanye i-plasma ye-sintered surface cladding.Zonke ezi zacetywayo kodwa akwaziwa ukuba oomatshini bokusebenza bakhiwa.U-Hideo Kodama we-Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute waba ngowokuqala ukupapasha i-akhawunti yemodeli eqinileyo eyenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-photopolymer quick prototyping system (1981).Eyokuqala ngqa ye-3D ekhawulezileyo yomfuziselo wenkqubo exhomekeke kwiFused Deposition Modeling (FDM) yenziwa ngoAprili 1992 yiStratasys kodwa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza alizange likhuphe de kube nguJuni 9, 1992. ukuveliswa ukusuka ngo-Agasti 4,1992 (Helinski), iModelmaker 6Pro ekupheleni kuka-1993 kunye nomshicileli omkhulu we-3D we-3D, i-Modelmaker 2, ngo-1997. I-Z-Corp isebenzisa i-MIT 3DP powder yokubopha i-Direct Shell Casting (DSP) yasungulwa ngo-1993 yaziswa Imarike ngo-1995. Kwangaloo mhla wangaphambili ubuchwephesha babubonwa njengendawo yokwenza izinto.Isisombululo esiphantsi, imveliso yamandla ephantsi yayinexabiso ekuqinisekiseni ukuyila, ukwenza i-mold, i-jigs yokuvelisa kunye nezinye iindawo.Iziphumo ziye zahambela phambili ngokuthe chu ukuya kusetyenziso oluphezulu.I-Sanders Prototype, Inc. (i-Solidscape) yaqala njenge-Rapid Prototyping 3D umenzi woShicilelo kunye ne-Modelmaker 6Pro yokwenza idini le-Thermoplas tic iipateni zeemodeli ze-CAD isebenzisa i-Drop-On-Demand (DOD) iteknoloji ye-inkjet ye-nozzle enye.

Izinto ezintsha zisoloko zifunwa, ukuphucula isantya kunye nokukwazi ukujamelana nezicelo zokuvelisa ubuninzi.Uphuhliso olumangalisayo olwabelana ngalo ne-RP kunye nemimandla ye-CNC enxulumeneyo kukufumaneka kwe-freeware evulekileyo yezicelo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu ezenza i-toolchain ye-CAD-CAM epheleleyo.Oku kudale uluntu lwabavelisi bezixhobo ezisezantsi.Ii-hobbyists ziye zenza i-foreys kwi-design yesixhobo esine-laser efunwa kakhulu

Uluhlu lokuqala lwe-RP Processes okanye iFabrication Technologies epapashwe kwi-1993 yabhalwa nguMarshall Burns kwaye ichaza inkqubo nganye ngokucokisekileyo.Ikwachaza nobunye ubuchwephesha obabungangaphambili kumagama akuluhlu olungezantsi.Umzekelo: I-Visual Impact Corporation ivelise kuphela iprototype yomshicileli wokubekwa kwe-wax kwaye emva koko inike imvume yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwi-Sanders Prototype, Inc endaweni yoko.I-BPM isebenzise ii-inkjets ezifanayo kunye nezixhobo.